Monday, January 27, 2020
How To Do Gram Staining
How To Do Gram Staining Observation of microorganism under microscope can be improved by using certain processes and techniques such as the staining. Staining is an important step to observe microorganisms more clearly, to differentiate between microorganisms as well as to differentiate parts in microorganism (Bagyaraj et al, 2005). The identification, morphology, some extracellular and intracellular components of microorganisms can be determined and detected through the staining. Many microorganisms difficult to be observed under microscope due to their colourless appearance and semitransparent properties as their refractive index almost same as surroundings (Patil et al, 2008). The stain improves contrast for visualizing microorganisms. Staining process can be explained either as physical, chemical reaction or combination of the both reaction. There are different types of staining such as the simple stain, differential stain and special stain. Simple stain can be used for observing certain basic structures as well as the shape of microorganisms. Differential stain while can be used in distinguishing between different types of microorganisms. Special stain on the other hand can be used for identifying specific structures in the microorganisms such as the flagella (Frey Price, 2003). Gram-stain is one of the commonly used differential stains. The Gram-staining process discovered in 1882 (published 1884) by Hans Christian Gram, a Danish bacteriologist and plays an important role in the classifying the bacteria. Gram-staining is usually the first step in identification bacteria and can be used in characterizing bacteria. Bacteria species can be separated into two large groups, which are the Gram-positive and Gram-negative groups through the Gram-staining (Sridhar Rao, n.d.). This process also important in clinical laboratory such as to examine and identify bacteria responsible for certain diseases. Staining process requires the preparation of smear that contains a thin layer of bacteria. The preparation of smear involves spreading and fixing of microorganisms on the microscope slide. Use of smear prevents microorganisms from being washing away with stain (Vasanthakumari, 2009). Besides the smear, there are four important components in the Gram stain process, which are the primary stain, mordant, decolourizing agent as well as the counterstain that used in sequences. The primary stains usually basic dye such as crystal violet that reacts with acidic component of cell and causes all the bacteria to be stained with the crystal violet or purple. The other dye like the methyl violet can also be used. The other component, mordant in the Gram stain refers to iodine. Mordant is chemical that increases affinity of the stain to the microorganisms and also their coating, making certain structures thicker for easier observation under microscope. The decolorizing agent decolorizes dye from cell that already being stained (Rajan, 2005). The degree of decolorization different in bacteria depends on their chemical components. Decolourization agent commonly refers to ethanol or other solution like acetone or mixture of acetone and ethyl alcohol. Counterstain while is another basic dye that important in giving new colour for cells that decolourized. Counterstain can be the safranin (used in this practical) or the carbon fuchsin. The Gram stain (differential stains) gives different colour for different types of bacteria. The colour is the one that determine whether the bacterium is Gram positive or Gram negative. The Gram positive bacteria resist decolourization and give result of crystal violet or purple colour (primary stain). Gram-negative bacteria decolorize and give red or pink colour as it takes up counterstain (Ananthanarayan Paniker, 2006). The difference in result is due to the differences in the cell wall structure or composition of bacteria that causes the different in the reaction with the series of reagents in Gram staining (Talaro, 2007). Preparation of Staining Reagents: Crystal violet Solution A: Crystal violet 2.0g Ethanol, 95% (v/v) 20 ml Solution B: Ammonium oxalate 0.8g Distilled water 80 ml Solution A and B mixed. Mordant Iodine 1.0 g Potassium iodide 2.0 g Distilled water 300 ml Iodine and potassium blended with mortar, distilled water added during blending until iodine dissolved. Decolorization solvent Ethanol, 95% (v/v) Counterstain Safranin 0.25 g [2.5 %(w/v)] Ethanol 10 ml [9.5% (v/v)] Distilled water 90 ml Materials: Glass slide Escherichia coli in broth culture Escherichia coli in agar culture Bacillus sp. in broth culture Bacillus sp. in agar culture Staphylococcus aureus in broth culture Actinomycetes sp. in broth culture Actinomycetes sp. in agar culture Kimwipe Bunsen burner Dropper Distilled water Inoculation loop Procedure: Preparation of smear: For culture taken from liquid medium (broth), 1 drop of culture to be examined was transferred by using inoculation loop onto a slide and spread to from circular smear. For culture taken from solid medium (agar), one drop of distilled water first dispensed on the slide. The single colony then spread on the water to form circular smear. The slide was heat-fixed with flame. Gram-staining The slide was placed on the rack. 1-2 drops of crystal violet was dropped on the smear and left for 2 minutes. The crystal violet was rinsed off with distilled water for 2 seconds. Iodine solution was dropped and left for 2 minutes. The iodine solution was rinsed off with distilled water for 2 seconds. The smear was decolorized by washing with ethanol (95%v/v) for less than 10 seconds. The ethanol then rinsed off with distilled water for 10 seconds. Safranin solution was dropped on the smear for 10 seconds. The red-coloured safranin was rinsed-off with distilled water. The side was dried using Kimwipe or air-dry. The slide was observed under the microscope. Results: (A)Escherichia coli G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1773.JPG 1(a) Broth culture (zoom in). 1(b) Agar plate (zoom in). Figure 1: Microscopic image of Escherichia coli under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from different culture (B) Bacillus species G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1745.JPG G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1738.JPG 2(a) Broth culture (zoom in). 2(b) Agar plate (zoom in). Figure 2: Microscopic image of Bacillus sp. under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from different cultures. (C) Staphylococcus Aureus G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1767.JPG Figure 3: Microscopic image of Staphylococcus aureus under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'- from broth culture (zoom in). (D) Actinomycetes species C:UsersmichelleDocumentsUMS MICROBIOLOGYPHOTOSS1.JPG G:DCIM101NIKONDSCN1760.JPG 4(a) Broth culture (zoom in) under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'-. 4(b) Agar plate (zoom in) under total magnification of 400ÃÆ'-. Figure 3: Microscopic image of Actinomycetes sp. under different magnification from different culture. Table 1: The result of Gram stain on different microorganism Type of microorganisms Shape of the microorganisms Colour stained on microorganisms Gram positive or Gram negative Escherichia coli (broth culture) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Pink Gram negative Escherichia coli (agar plate) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Pink Gram negative Bacillus sp. (broth culture) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Purple Gram positive Bacillus sp. (agar plate) Bacillus or Rod-shaped Purple Gram positive Staphylococcus aureus Coccus or round-shaped Purple Gram positive Actinomycetes sp. (broth culture) Mycelial Purple Gram positive Actinomycetes sp. (agar plate) Mycelial Purple Gram positive Discussion: For every bacterium studied, a smear is first prepared as the smear enables Gram staining to be done without washing away bacteria together with stain. The spreading process (for both broth and agar culture) enables the distribution of bacteria on slides so that suitable density of bacteria can be found on the slide. This increases chance of individual bacteria to be observed under microscope (Port, 2009). The microorganisms from agar first suspended in distilled water before spreading. Without spreading, bacteria may be too concentrated, crowded and overlapped (in clumps), making the observation to be difficult. The slide was heat fixed after drying. Heating enables coagulation and precipitation of protein of bacteria to occurs, hence fix the bacteria on slide. The bacteria killed and adhere to the surface. Fixation makes the bacteria rigid, immobile, increased permeability and affinity to staining. This also prevents the autolysis process of bacteria (Aneja, 2003). During the fixat ion process, slides not be placed directly above the heat or passed through too many times as overheat may causes changes in the shape and hence cause the distortion of the microorganisms. At the same time, less heat supplied may cause the microorganisms do not fix firmly. Before heat fix, the slide is allowed to dry completely as wet bacterial suspension may create aerosol (Shimeld, 1999).The presence of water may also cause over heating. The crystal violet added as the primary stain. Crystal violet is basic dye and has affinity for cell structures that are acidic such as the protoplasm. Crystal violet is added to stain everything on slide or to stain all bacteria (Gram positive or Gram negative). This is same for all the seven samples. Crystal violet dye enters the cells and stained with crystal violet colour. It was suggested that the aqueous dye dissociated into CV+ ion and chloride, Cl- ion (Hussey Smith, n.d.). The positively charged ion binds to the negatively charged components in cell after penetrating the cell wall and cell membrane, hence giving the purple colour. The extra crystal violet dye that not binds to cell is cleared by distilled water. Addition of iodine in next step enables the crystal violet dye to further fix and adhere to organisms (Medical Education Division, 2006). This is due to the formation of complex between iodine and dye ion (CV-I complex) as the negatively charged iodine ion (I- or I3 - ion) binds to the positively charged ion of dye (CV+ ion) in cytoplasm and hence bacteria appeared as violet colour (Vasanthakumari, 2009). The solubility of the dye decreased during the process as the ions bind to organisms. Iodine acts as mordant as it increases affinity of crystal violet stain to organisms. The addition of 95% ethanol as decolourizer enables the lipid to be extracted or dissolved from the cell wall for the Gram negative bacteria like the Escherichia coli. Gram negative bacteria have an outer membrane that constitutes most of the cell wall, also known as lipopolysaccharide layer (LPS) in cell wall (Clark et al, 2009). This is a lipid bilayer structure that differs from cytoplasmic membrane. This layer not only made up of phospholipids and protein, but also polysaccharides that not commonly found in cytoplasmic membrane. Polysaccharide portion made up of core polysaccharides and O-polysaccharides while the lipid portion made up of lipid A which then bind to the core polysaccharides. This LPS layer is located outside a thin layer of peptidoglycan. The outer membrane gives rises to high lipid composition in the cell wall. Decolourizer dissolve off lipid, hence increases the permeability of cell wall which eventually enables the crystal violet-iodine complex to be lost toget her with the lipid. The cell wall (murein layer) of Gram positive layer while has no outer membrane but have thick, cross-linked and multi-layered peptidoglycan. Teichoic acids, the phosphorylated polyalcohol can be found embedded in peptidoglycan layers. These acids can be found bonded to muramic acid residues in peptidoglycan. Lipoteichoic acid which refers to the teichoic acids that binds to the lipids of membrane can also be found in Gram positive bacterial cell wall. In certain actinobacteria, structure called mycolic acids also can be found. The lack of outer membrane gives rises to low lipid composition in cell wall. Hence, the action of decolorizer on Gram positive bacteria (Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp.) causes dehydration of cell wall due to the thick peptidoglycan and the composition of lipid available to be dissolved is low. This eventually decreases cell wall permeability, closing pores on cell wall and hence retain the crystal violet-iodine complex inside (Diffe rential staining: The Gram Stain, n.d.). As the cell shrinks, the complex trapped in the thick peptidoglycan and hence cells do not decolourized. After this process, E. coli is in colourless as the crystal-violet iodine complex loses while Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp. still in purple colour. Ethanol was not added for more than 30 seconds. Over decolourization can cause the stain of Gram positive bacteria to decolourize and appears as Gram negative (Betts et al, 2003). Under decolourization (too short) also avoided as it can cause dye to be removed incompletely from Gram negative bacteria. Both situations can give false results. After decolorization, smear was washed with distilled water for 15 second to completely stop the decolourization process. The counterstain, safranin solution then stained the E. coli that is colourless with the red colour. Safranin is basic dye (cationic ion) carry the positive dye ion, chromophore that attached to acidic cell structures (negatively charged) such as the protoplasm. Basic dye also attached to other negatively charged macromolecules like proteins and nucleic acid (Archunan, 2004). Both the Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria took up the counterstain but the colour of Gram Positive do not change much as it already stained with p urple. For every dye, there is different period of time for staining. This is to prevent over or under stain that may results in inaccurate result. From the observation, Escherichia coli stained red and give accurate result of Gram negative. The shape of E. coli can be observed as rod shape. Bacillus sp., Staphylococcus aureus and Actinomycetes sp. while shows results of Gram positive as all are stained with purple colour. The shapes observed are respectively rod-shaped, round-shaped and in mycelial. For Staphylococcus aureus, the cocci shape is sticked together in clumps or amorphous sheet and not separated. For E. coli, bacillus sp. and staphylococcus aureus, two samples are taken, one from the broth and one from the agar. Both the samples show the same results. The difference is on the amount of microorganisms observed. Bacillus sp., for example, that taken from agar plate is very crowded. This is because the each colony taken contains a number of microorganisms. It is more difficult to be observed the shape of the organisms. However, the colour stained can be observed clearly. For the broth culture, individual organisms and the shape as well as the colour can be observed more clearly. Conclusion: Gram staining is important in differentiating Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria in which the Gram positive bacteria stained purple colour while Gram negative organisms stained pink. Escherichia coli is Gram negative while bacillus sp., staphylococcus aureus and actinomycetes are Gram positive bacteria.
Sunday, January 19, 2020
English Teaching Plan
Months & Seasons Vocabulary Games Match the names of the celebrations/ holidays with the months that they take place in. January February March April May June July August September October November December Mother’s Day International Children’s Day US  Independence Day Christmas’s Eve Halloween Mid Fall Festival Vietnam Teacher’s Day International Women’s Day International Left handers’ Day Valentine’s Day New Year’s Eve April’s Fool Now discuss with your partners what people often do during those holidays ? Vocabulary Game (2)Match the words that best describe the weather of each season (work with a partner) dry              humidÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚  wet                 cold                   freezing               sunny windy           rainy                 comfortable           below freezing     breezy          cool chilly        drizzling            fog/foggy         heat wave       boiling          tropical storms snowstorms        cloudy            snowy        nice          warm           hot Spring: Summer Autumn Win ter Listening Activity A.Listen to the recording and tick the words that you hear winter           outside          prefer              peak of the summer           long lazy days             June                 summer man            autumn grey                     going back to school         autumn leaves          walking in the woods   fan of the winter          December           snow            ChristmasÂ Â Â Â à ‚              celebrations January      worst months of the year        march          april the first            windy         feelings            summer              he at             light dark          have a walk B.Listen to the recording again and decide whether each statement is true (T) or false (F) 1. Richard loves winter 2. It’s December now 3. There’s often snow in the UK in the winter 4. There’re a lot of celebrations and parties during Christmas 5. Both of the speakers were born in the Sp ring 6. Richard loves July the most  in the summer months 7. The female speaker likes all of the autumn months 8. She loves the colors of autumn 9. Today is a wet, cold, dark day. 10. They will probably stay inside today. C. Now listen for the last time and fill in the blanks to complete the conversation F: So this week on podcastinenglish. om, we’re talking about months of the years and seasons. So, richard, it’s December now, and for us, the first of the ____________ months. How do you feel about the winter and the winter months? M: I don’t like them. F: Not at all? M: No, December? Cold, grey, wet, ____________. No.. I’m not a fan of winter, I’m afraid F: Yes, and also in the UK, we don’t really get.. we don’t always get snow. And I think if it’s cold and there’s snow, that’s really nice .. but if it’s just cold and wet, then that’s really hard. At least we have Christmas for December M: Christmas is good.Christmas are.. ________________, parties.. that’s nice.. and it’s not as bad as January. January is to come F:  Yes I think January and February are the ____________ months of the year. But in the spring, then we have the spring months. Both you and I were born in the spring. You were born in March and I was born in____________. Do you like March? M: I’m not a fan of March and April, either.. cause then, at least in the UK, it’s very ___________, wet .. and you know March is the driest month of the year but it seems to be windy, and a bit wet and dam. that’s my ____________anyway
Saturday, January 11, 2020
Mother Tongue: Thesis Paragraph
Mother Tongue: The Struggles of Communication Communication is arguably the most essential and powerful part of everyday life. Societies ability to run smoothly, efficiently and benefit as many people as possible, hinges greatly on communication and how effectively it is used. We need to communicate to get new and innovative ideas across, to state opinions, to sort our arguments and most importantly, to better understand those around us.The short story Mother Tongue by Amy Tan addresses the reality that the inability to communicate effectively and see the different perspectives of those around us can hinder the flow of society and often block us from new ideas and potential. Communication is different for everyone as shown by the narrator’s mother, and how she has difficulty expressing her ideas so that other’s understand and respect her.We can see that she is still a very intelligent woman who has a great understanding of the world around her even though some view her language as â€Å"broken†. Amy argues that standardised tests are not adequate indicators of intelligence because there are many different types of intelligence, and the test only covers one type. Lastly, because the narrator has grown up with what others see as limited exposure to â€Å"proper†language, she is dissuaded by teachers (as our many others in similar circumstances) from pursuing a future in English.The theme of the importance of communication in this story is very prevalent in today’s society because of the recent flood of immigrants to Canada, and the importance that they integrate well into Canadian society so we can run smoothly as the diverse country that we are. We need to reach an understanding that because lifestyles and habits l differ from our own, it does not make them worse or less valuable.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
Ergonomics - 797 Words
Ergonomic promotes efficiency in production and physiological effort. Efficiency in physiological effort means undertaking the job with less physical effort. It can also contribute towards the comfort of the workers and can help to improve the health standards of the workers. The research conducted on workers of diverse background clearly revealed that the designs of the machines were one of the root causes of most of the health related absenteeism. This was leading to increased absenteeism and the effect on the efficiency of the industry. The problems are not limited to the workers not turning up for work rather the effects can be felt by workers both in short and the long run which means there could be permanent damage to the worker. The†¦show more content†¦The basic principles of ergonomics can still be used to counter nearly all the hazards faced from machines. The paper concentrates on hazards resulting from machines. There could be other environmental issues like extreme heat which could lead to dehydration or extreme cold conditions, sound which might lead to hearing problems, lack of ventilation etc. should also be considered for an ideal workplace. These conditions also leave a long term effect on the health of the workers. Furthermore, the dynamic business environment also poses a strong workload on the minds of the workers and employees by way of performance standards and expectations which might then lead to long term depression, stress and even insanity. These issues also have the same effect of any physiological hazard and needs to be addressed in an appropriate manner if a firm wants to achieve hazard free workplace. Thus the raw ideas of the paper are still valid but to make it applicable in the factories and workplace in this age it needs to suggest ways to solve not only the physiological hazards relating to work but also the psychological pressures which are prevalent at the work-place today. Word count:Show MoreRelated Workplace Ergonomics, Ergonomics Assessment, Ergonomics Training2868 Words  | 12 PagesWorkplace Ergonomics, Ergonomics Assessment, Ergonomics Training In the past, most businesses have strived for high production at low cost. This strategy resulted in the highest profit for a company. When in reality to many businesses, this was only a mirage. This was because the â€Å"lower cost†of the business usually resulted in a â€Å"higher cost†for the employees. 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Wednesday, December 25, 2019
Women During World War II - 1450 Words
Women and war have always been considered to have little in common. As the gentle sex, women are traditionally associated with the care and creation of life rather than with its destruction. However, over the past twenty years, women have increasingly served, and continue to serve, with valor and integrity in the Unites States Armed Forces (Kamarack, 2015). Although women have successfully proved themselves in the military, they should be restricted from entering into direct combat because they are less physically fit than their male counterparts, create animosity on front lines, and undermine cohesion within a military unit. The integration of women into the armed forces has effectively progressed since the early days of the military when women were excluded by laws and policies from serving in specific fields and units. The increased need of manpower during World War II obliged Congress to give women access opportunities, allowing virtually 400,000 women to serve in the armed servi ces in units such as the Women’s Auxiliary Corps (Kamarack, 2015). After World War II, Congress instituted women as permanent parts of the military through the Women’s Armed Services Integration Act of 1948. In 1979, enlistment requirements became commensurate for men and women. Only recently, Defense Secretary Ashton Carter opened all jobs in combat units to women. This landmark decision will go into effect in January 2016, allowing women to serve beside men in combat arms units if they canShow MoreRelatedWomen During World War II1534 Words  | 7 PagesDuring World War I, women stayed at home, aided the Red Cross, and volunteered with churches and civic groups to collect donations. Women s roles in World War II challenged the traditional roles of homemaker and caregiver. 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Tuesday, December 17, 2019
The Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation
The first video â€Å"The Constitution Project†– creating a constitution of the founding fathers creating and signing the constitution. This is a large piece of history which because of them, the constitution and the articles of confederation are what make makes America what it is today, unified. The major learning theme of this video is to understanding what and how these states came together, taxation, laws, and the people behind it. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison to name a few are the unique founding fathers who helped make America the way it is for years to come. Because of the constitution, constitutional conflicts have become a major focus and resolving them is another. Most of all, it’s significant to see the founding fathers go through conflicts of the constitution and eventually come to a compromise that are doable still today. It’s extraordinary to see first-hand of a group of leaders eventually reach a compromise about i ts core values, the government, states, and people’s rights. After watching the video about the constitution project, it’s fascinating to see the start and finish of the constitution and the articles of confederation. If it wasn’t for the founding fathers coming together to decide what works best for the united states of America, taxation, and branches of government. The tremendous work put into creating a constitution, so the government and states won’t encounter discontinuity. Much thought and consideration were put into theShow MoreRelatedThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words  | 5 Pagesgovernment has been defined by two very important documents. Reflecting on all governments of the past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these docu ments addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selectionRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation1373 Words  | 6 Pageswould enforce them? I will address some of the differences between the Constitution and The Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were designed and formed from the thirteen states that created a Confederation known as the â€Å"league of friendship†; their goal was to find solutions for problems; and one of the first attempts to create a system. The Articles of Confederation was our nation’s first constitution; during the last years of the Revolutionary war, the government had beenRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution921 Words  | 4 PagesConstitution and Articles Analysis The Articles of Confederation and The Constitution were both written I believe to ensue peace in a new nation where great freedoms had just been betrothed upon. Both written within ten years of each other, the main point it was trying to get across was the idea of one nation. They were written by the same people who all in all had similar ideas. There are many differences as well. From the main one being sovereign states, to how many states must approve an amendmentRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution891 Words  | 4 Pages Throughout American history, many Americans assume that too much power is given to one party or the other. The Article of confederation was important in the United States because it affected the way over government functions today. Specifically, under the Article of confederation, the United States was intended to be formed on a basis of Federalism. Within this structure of Federalism, states have their own rights and majority of power with its people. The federal government on the other hand,Read MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1130 Words  | 5 Pages After America won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, the Articles of Confederation were created to serve as the basis of American democracy. Years subsequent to the creation of the Articles of Confederation, delegates from all states, with the exception of Rhode Island, assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to mend the weaknesses the Articles displayed throughout its practice. This meeting on Septe mber 17, 1787, resulted in the newly drafted terms for which the United States democracyRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1115 Words  | 5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation were the earliest constitution of the United States. After the United States became fully independent from Great Britain, following the Revolutionary War, the document was created to outline the functions and management of new nation. However, the document established a very weak central government, instead giving the power to the states. To correct the mistake, a new version of such a document was created: the Constitution, which is still in effect today. (Articles ofRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution899 Words  | 4 PagesThe Constitution remains as relevant today as it did over two hundred years ago. Americans have lived their lives through the law of the Constitution of the United Staes of America for several years. The Constitution has kept our natio n together and has kept us strong. â€Å"The Constitution defines the United States of America. This greatest of American documents not only establishes our system of government; it limits the power of that government, specifying our irrevocable rights and privileges asRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution2035 Words  | 9 Pagesmove forward and unite the thirteen states as a nation. It was then when Continental Congress met up in Pennsylvania and created a secured a document known as the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was written on November 15, 1777, and ratified by all thirteen states on March 1, 1781. When the Articles of Confederation were written it had many goals in mind to set and preserve the country with all its freedoms, keeping America an independent nation. Since the states were comingRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1461 Words  | 6 PagesJesse Ghuman Jason Stratton US History B17 11/15/2015 The Articles of Confederation The first approved document of the United States was the Articles of Confederation. However, after a few years, the Bill of Rights replaced the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. The Articles began the Constitution but the articles had contained a lot of weaknesses so they had to create a new document. Few of the Article of Confederation goals were to bring the states together and establish a strongRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1109 Words  | 5 PagesAlthough, the war was won and there were lots of flaws in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution started shaping the laws and government in the nation. Democracy was something that may be hard for the people to handle according to Alexander Hamilton of New York, and it would also make them confused by the challenges of running the nation. The nation was on the European economic system which it had trouble and struggled. The people got married, raised families, bought slaves, they moved The Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation Davis Rush History 30 February 20, 2015 S. Chrissanthos The Constitution The Constitution replaced the articles of confederation in June of 1788. The founding fathers knew, by looking at historic documents from very prominent civilizations, what they did, and did not, want to add into the Constitution. The Constitution has been used for over two-hundred years to date, the longest constitution used in the world. There are many reasons that the Constitution was able to last for this long. Some of these reasons include the fact that it does not add in religious parts to it, it is strictly legal. Another reason may be that it was unprecedented, that is, having laws that the government could not break written down. The Constitution was also foolproof because it included a way for changing times to allow for a changing document. The amendment process is clearly detailed in the Constitution so that if ever needed, the document may be changed in order to suit the new ages. The Constitution was a necessary document to have in place in order to keep order in America. The Founders took just the right amount of power away from the president, and gave it to the other branches of power. Many people opposed the Constitution at first, for lacking many rights that people as well as the government should and shouldn’t have. Alexander Hamilton said, â€Å"It is true, as has been before observed that facts have produced a species of general assent to the abstract proposition that there existShow MoreRelatedThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words  | 5 Pagesgovernment has been defined by two very important documents. Reflecting on all governments of the past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neithe r being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selectionRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation1373 Words  | 6 Pageswould enforce them? I will address some of the differences between the Constitution and The Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were designed and formed from the thirteen states that created a Confederation known as the â€Å"league of friendship†; their goal was to find solutions for problems; and one of the first attempts to create a system. The Articles of Confederation was our nation’s first constitution; during the last years of the Revolutionary war, the government had beenRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution921 Words  | 4 PagesConstitution and Articles Analysis The Articles of Confederation and The Constitution were both written I believe to ensue peace in a new nation where great freedoms had just been betrothed upon. Both written within ten years of each other, the main point it was trying to get across was the idea of one nation. They were written by the same people who all in all had similar ideas. There are many differences as well. From the main one being sovereign states, to how many states must approve an amendmentRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution891 Words  | 4 Pages Throughout American history, many Americans assume that too much power is given to one party or the other. The Article of confederation was important in the United States because it affected the way over government functions today. Specifically, under the Article of confederation, the United States was intended to be formed on a basis of Federalism. Within this structure of Federalism, states have their own rights and majority of power with its people. The federal government on the other hand,Read MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1130 Words  | 5 Pages After America won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, the Articles of Confederation were created to serve as the basis of American democracy. Years subsequent to the creation of the Articles of Confederation, delegates from all states, with the exception of Rhode Island, assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to mend the weaknesses the Articles displayed throughout its practice. This meeting on Septe mber 17, 1787, resulted in the newly drafted terms for which the United States democracyRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1115 Words  | 5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation were the earliest constitution of the United States. After the United States became fully independent from Great Britain, following the Revolutionary War, the document was created to outline the functions and management of new nation. However, the document established a very weak central government, instead giving the power to the states. To correct the mistake, a new version of such a document was created: the Constitution, which is still in effect today. (Articles ofRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution899 Words  | 4 PagesThe Constitution remains as relevant today as it did over two hundred years ago. Americans have lived their lives through the law of the Constitution of the United Staes of America for several years. The Constitution has kept our natio n together and has kept us strong. â€Å"The Constitution defines the United States of America. This greatest of American documents not only establishes our system of government; it limits the power of that government, specifying our irrevocable rights and privileges asRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution2035 Words  | 9 Pagesmove forward and unite the thirteen states as a nation. It was then when Continental Congress met up in Pennsylvania and created a secured a document known as the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was written on November 15, 1777, and ratified by all thirteen states on March 1, 1781. When the Articles of Confederation were written it had many goals in mind to set and preserve the country with all its freedoms, keeping America an independent nation. Since the states were comingRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation953 Words  | 4 PagesThe first video â€Å"The Constitution Project†– creating a constitution of the founding fathers creating and signing the constitution. This is a large piece of history which because of them, the constitution and the articles of confederation are what make makes America what it is today, unified. The major learning theme of this video is to understanding what and how these states came together, taxation, laws, and the people behind it. George Was hington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison to name aRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1461 Words  | 6 PagesJesse Ghuman Jason Stratton US History B17 11/15/2015 The Articles of Confederation The first approved document of the United States was the Articles of Confederation. However, after a few years, the Bill of Rights replaced the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. The Articles began the Constitution but the articles had contained a lot of weaknesses so they had to create a new document. Few of the Article of Confederation goals were to bring the states together and establish a strong The Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation Rules would be the new topic of discussion at the end of the American Revolution amongst the newly formed Free states that won their independence from Britain. One huge question loomed over the Free states, how could they conduct a civilized way of living without another ruler such as the king of Britain here in America? There needed to be some sort of system that would generate a control to create a unified country. States were acting and conducting business as if each state was its own country and this left the America vulnerable on many fronts. Some of the main issues that surfaced were; How to divide powers between local and national governments? Which laws should be made, and by whom and who would enforce them? I will address some of the differences between the Constitution and The Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation were designed and formed from the thirteen states that created a Confederation known as the â€Å"league of friendship†; their goal was to find solutions for problems; and one of the first attempts to create a system. The Articles of Confederation was our nation’s first constitution; during the last years of the Revolutionary war, the government had been conducting our country’s affairs helping to negotiate the Treaty of Paris in 1783. The Articles of Confederation were a set of principles set forth that got our nation through the Revolutionary war. When the articles fell short at working effectively the state delegates attempted toShow MoreRelatedThe Articles of Confederation and The Constitution1238 Words  | 5 Pagesgovernment has been defined by two very important documents. Reflecting on all governments of the past, they laid forth an impressive jumble of ideas that would lead the way to where we are today. These two documents are the Article of Confederation and the U.S Constitution. These two documents of precedent are both similar and unique, each with its own pros and cons, and neither being perfect. Both these documents addressed the prominent vital in national vs. state sovereignty, legislative selectionRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution921 Words  | 4 PagesConstitution and Articles Analysis The Articles of Confederation and The Constitution were both written I believe to ensue peace in a new nation where great freedoms had just been betrothed upon. Both written within ten years of each other, the main point it was trying to get across was the idea of one nation. They were written by the same people who all in all had similar ideas. There are many differences as well. From the main one being sovereign states, to how many states must approve an amendmentRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution891 Words  | 4 Pages Throughout American history, many Americans assume that too much power is given to one party or the other. The Article of confederation was important in the United States because it affected the way over government functions today. Specifically, under the Article of confederation, the United States was intended to be formed on a basis of Federalism. Within this structure of Federalism, states have their own rights and majority of power with its people. The federal government on the other hand,Read MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1130 Words  | 5 Pages After America won its independence from Great Britain in 1783, the Articles of Confederation were created to serve as the basis of American democracy. Years subsequent to the creation of the Articles of Confederation, delegates from all states, with the exception of Rhode Island, assembled in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to mend the weaknesses the Articles displayed throughout its practice. This meeting on Septe mber 17, 1787, resulted in the newly drafted terms for which the United States democracyRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1115 Words  | 5 PagesThe Articles of Confederation were the earliest constitution of the United States. After the United States became fully independent from Great Britain, following the Revolutionary War, the document was created to outline the functions and management of new nation. However, the document established a very weak central government, instead giving the power to the states. To correct the mistake, a new version of such a document was created: the Constitution, which is still in effect today. (Articles ofRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution899 Words  | 4 PagesThe Constitution remains as relevant today as it did over two hundred years ago. Americans have lived their lives through the law of the Constitution of the United Staes of America for several years. The Constitution has kept our natio n together and has kept us strong. â€Å"The Constitution defines the United States of America. This greatest of American documents not only establishes our system of government; it limits the power of that government, specifying our irrevocable rights and privileges asRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution2035 Words  | 9 Pagesmove forward and unite the thirteen states as a nation. It was then when Continental Congress met up in Pennsylvania and created a secured a document known as the Articles of Confederation. The Articles of Confederation was written on November 15, 1777, and ratified by all thirteen states on March 1, 1781. When the Articles of Confederation were written it had many goals in mind to set and preserve the country with all its freedoms, keeping America an independent nation. Since the states were comingRead MoreThe Constitution And The Articles Of Confederation953 Words  | 4 PagesThe first video â€Å"The Constitution Project†– creating a constitution of the founding fathers creating and signing the constitution. This is a large piece of history which because of them, the constitution and the articles of confederation are what make makes America what it is today, unified. The major learning theme of this video is to understanding what and how these states came together, taxation, laws, and the people behind it. George Was hington, Thomas Jefferson, and James Madison to name aRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1461 Words  | 6 PagesJesse Ghuman Jason Stratton US History B17 11/15/2015 The Articles of Confederation The first approved document of the United States was the Articles of Confederation. However, after a few years, the Bill of Rights replaced the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution. The Articles began the Constitution but the articles had contained a lot of weaknesses so they had to create a new document. Few of the Article of Confederation goals were to bring the states together and establish a strongRead MoreThe Articles Of Confederation And The Constitution1109 Words  | 5 PagesAlthough, the war was won and there were lots of flaws in the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution started shaping the laws and government in the nation. Democracy was something that may be hard for the people to handle according to Alexander Hamilton of New York, and it would also make them confused by the challenges of running the nation. The nation was on the European economic system which it had trouble and struggled. The people got married, raised families, bought slaves, they moved
Monday, December 9, 2019
Spartan Warfare Essay Research Paper Spartan WarfareSpartaIn free essay sample
Spartan Warfare Essay, Research Paper Spartan WarfareSpartaIn the seventh Century BC a new epoch of warfare scheme evolved. Before this new scheme, pes soldiers ( known as hoplites ) engaged in conflict in the signifier of one rabble for each ground forces which on the commandof their generals tallies at each other and returns to chop blindly at the enemy with small to no directionother so to kill the enemy in forepart of them. This proved to be really mussy and the tide of battledepended largely on emotion and size of an ground forces. In the name of scheme and organisation, thephalanx was developed. A phalanx is merely defined as a line formation with its breadth significantlylarger so its deepness. The deepness of the phalanx is a variable which some suggest was decided by thearmy itself instead so by the leaders of the ground forces. The smallest deepness appears to hold been that ofone adult male deep. However this was a alone happening which is widely believed to be fabricated. Thelargest deepness is that of 120 work forces deep which was fielded at one clip by the Macedonians. On norm, the deepness of the phalanx appears to be about eight work forces deep. During the clip of Alexander the Great, the phalanx was believed to be eight work forces deep, but some argue that it evolved into a 16 adult male deepphalanx. The Spartans intentionally varied the deepness of their phalanx so to confound the enemy about thenumber of soldiers fielded. The phalanx proved to be a really valuable arm for the armed forces at that clip. Armies which did non accommodate to the phalanx formation were rapidly slaughtered. The usage of the phalanxallowed the Greeks to win the Iranian Wars. # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 821 2 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; Many historiographers believe that the development of the phalanx led straight to societal alterations occurringthroughout Greece during the clip of the phalanx # 8217 ; s execution. The phalanx formation allowed mento participate in the armed forces who otherwise could non hold because a much smaller investing inweapons and armour was needed to take part in the phalanx. The combined addition in the numberof those take parting in the ground forces and the addition in importance of the common pes soldier lead tothe common adult male being progressively treated better by the opinion categories. Finally this may hold led to the innovation of democracy.The most noticeable difference between ancient Greek and modern warfare is the sum of # 8220 ; intelligence # 8221 ; information. Today our military manoeuvres are about entirely reliant on information we get fromsatellites, lookouts, or undercover agents in the resistance. The ancient Greeks wholly ignored this country of militarystrategy. Countless narratives of ground forcess run intoing each other by opportunity or ground forcess go throughing within stat mis of eachother without cognition of the other. Intelligence information seemed to hold come by opportunity for theancient Greeks instead so by witting attempt. # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; # 8212 ; Surprise is besides an component of war which in modern times is taken really earnestly and which was takenvery lightly in ancient Greece. In fact there is grounds that ancient Grecian soldiers raised their voicesin the signifier of a marching vocal when they were told that an enemy was near and may be caughtunprepared. This war vocal, called a paian, was besides used to advance organisation in the marching armyso that all soldiers would pr ocess with an even measure. In add-on, the paian was used to advance courageand courage. A paian was besides used on ships to denote the closeness of the enemy. When the actualbattle was joined the paian turned into a war call. The Spartans frequently accompanied the paian with a flute or several flutes. The Spartan King would take the paian every bit good. The usage of the paian for onslaught appearsto have Dorian roots. The Spartans are normally the 1s associated with the usage of a paian. Thucydidesmentions that when the Dorians, from other city states, started a paian when they were functioning in anAthenian ground forces, fright was struck into the Black Marias of the Athenians. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Finally the sizes of the ground forcess were really different from what we are accustomed to today.We are familiar with ground forcess of 10s of 1000s, 100s of 1000s, or even millions.The full Spartan ground forces was estimated to be under five 1000s men.In the beginning, Grecian ground forcess showed about no wage construction. This was make to the fact that militaryparticipation was seen as a man’s responsibility to his city state or as a signifier of revenue enhancement. Each adult male was required toprovide his ain armour for conflict. There for merely those who could afford armour and arms could be inthe ground forces. Since most work forces could non afford armour, most could non take part. Those who could afford toparticipate had other signifiers of income. However there was a wage system in topographic point by 445 or 444 BC inAthens. The wage system was enacted during a clip of peace for Greece, merely after the sign language of thethirty twelvemonth peace between the Delian League and the Peloponnesian League. The standard rate of payseems to hold been a dram a twenty-four hours until it was cut in half in 413 BC. However the standard rate overtime was between three obols ( half a dram ) to a full dram a twenty-four hours for a hoplite soldier. In Sparta, the armed forces was a manner of life. From an early age, kids were trained to be strong and to havegood contendi ng accomplishments. With most of their population being serfs, or helot, it was necessary to hold awell-organized and extremely trained contending force to set down any rebellions. Therefore, even though theSpartan armed forces was relatively little, it was really strong. â€â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Athens derived her military strength from a strong naval forces. In 481 BC the metropolis of Athensdiscovered a big Ag mine on publically owned land. Athinais used this Ag to builda fleet of 200 ships of a type called triremes. This naval force non merely gave Athens anadvantage against the Persians in the Iranian wars, it besides gave Athens the power to coerce themembership of about all the Aegean islands and many other city states into the Delian League. The Grecian hoplite wore a helmet, aegis and cracklings of bronze. The hoplite is typically armed with awooden spear for the phalanx formation and a short blade for in close combat. The unit of ammunition shield wasstrapped to the left forearm and gripped by a leather strap with the left manus at the opposite terminal. In thethird century B.C. ( the 200’s ) the unit of ammunition shield evolved into a more door-like shield. The shields wereeasily carried on the dorsum when traveling and were normally used as a stretcher for transporting the deadoff the field of conflict. The soldiers were traditionally required to supply for their ain arms andarmor, but finally the duty fell to the authorities and the costs were deducted from thesoldiers’ wage. There were a assortment of grounds for this transportation of duty including the state’sability to purchase quality armour for all and the benefits of soldiers contending in armour to which they areaccustomed. There is besides an aesthetic benefit to holding all soldiers, arms, and streamer s of thesame visual aspect, non to advert the economic benefit for the city state when all arms and armorfor the ground forces must be bought within the city state. 326
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