The Significance Of Emotions And Moods - 973 Words

The Significance of Emotions and Moods in the Workplace Understanding individual Emotions and Moods in my career field is a crucial part of ensuring mission success. As defined by Robins and Judge, â€Å"Emotions are intense feeling that are directed at someone or something. Moods are feelings that tend to be less intense than emotions and that lack a contextual stimulus.† ( Robins Judge, 2009). Emotions have the potential to shape an employee’s mood. From there, a mood can affect a lot in a person’s life from work productivity, job satisfaction, personal and family life (Carlson, Kacmar, Zivuska, Feguson, Whitten, 2011). Moods have a high negative affect, a high positive affect, a low positive affect or a low negative affect (Robbins Judge, 2009). Evolutionary Psychology and Affect Events theory are two important concepts to fully understand how important Emotions and Moods are, especially in my personal career field as a military policewoman. Evolutionary Psychology Evolutionary Psychology as defined by Robins and Judge, is â€Å"an area of inquiry which argues that we must experience the emotions we do because they serve a purpose† (Robins Judge, 2009). In my specific line of work, fear and nervousness drives out complacency. As a policewoman and a Soldier, complacency can get a person killed. Alertness is also crucial for police officers and soldiers. Alertness has a high positive affect. When I was on duty on a Sunday afternoon last summer, I wasShow MoreRelatedHow Does Emotion Help Us Remember?1561 Words   |  7 Pagesfactors contribute to human memory. A very controversial topic within the study of memory is the role of emotion in memory. This brings us to the question, does emotion help us remember? Due to the many studies conducted throughout the years, it does seem clear that individuals remember more emotionally charged events better than non emotional ones. The relationship between memory and emoti on, is one that psychologists have not yet figured out to its full extent, as there are many opposing theoriesRead MoreEmotion Regulation And Its Effects On Society Essay1029 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to J.J. Gross (2013), Emotion Regulation â€Å"studies how individuals influence which emotions they have, when they have them, and how they experience and express them.† Emotion Regulation was becoming an increasingly specialized aspect of psychology that required more research to truly answer the age-old question about how people can attempt to manage their emotions (Gross, 2013). Suppression was assumed to be associated with negative emotions according to John Gross. They attempted to testRead MoreUnder The Feet Of Jesus Character Analysis1233 Words   |  5 PagesEstrella is thoroughly expressed as a young and passionate girl who struggles with her understanding of things that aren’t familiar— such â€Å"foreign alphabets† and Perfecto’s tools. Estrella is consumed in these emotions towards things she doesn’t understand, or know for sure, and expresses her moods without restraint. Helena Marà ­a Viramontes, the author of Under The Feet of Jesus, uses selection of detail and figurative language to further develop this same iron-willed and impassioned character of EstrellaRead MoreMy Life With Maximal Wellbeing1449 Words   |  6 Pagesability to define ourselves within the parameters of our present lives, depends on a multitude of factors that cumulate over the lifespan. Our ability to live a fulfilling life with maximal wellbeing is dependent largely on tools available for optimal mood regulation, at all stages of the lifespan. As an individual who has experienced severe emotional impairment to an extent where health and wellness has been compromised for extended periods of my life, I have found it my preoccupation to attempt toRead MoreThe Structure Of Attitudes Through The Abc Model1124 Words   |  5 Pagespeople can agree that this is the case, but people must ask themselves why and what really makes up a person’s attitude. In past years, attitude was recognized as one of the most important psychological experiences of human beings. Over time, the significance of attitudes has increased specifically in understanding how people come to be who they are. This paper will discuss the structure of attitudes through the ABC Model which explains three different components (affect, behavior and cognition) andRead MoreWhat Is The Importance Of Stage Directions In The Glass Menagerie1424 Words   |  6 Pagesthe definition of the words, in most cases, in form of text in a play; which has the primary role of indicating the movements, the mood engulfing a play, the tone in a play, the lighting as well as the sound effects that are used in a certain play. There are veracious roles that stage directions serve in a certain play. This includes the likes of setting of the mood in a play, giving the play some effects to enhance a better understanding of the content that is meant to be comprehended by the audience;Read MoreUse Of Memory And Dreams During The Romantic Era1248 Words   |  5 Pagesinfluences that attribute to the writings in the Romantic Era. It influenced writers and poets to expand their art to a new horizons and veer away from the Enlightenment Era of tradition and logic. The use and significance of memory and dreams in the Romantic Era helped strengthen the inner emotions within writings, present ideas outside of traditional expectancies, and display the authors creativity and individuality throughout their writings. These works have resonated throughout history and BritishRead More Sonnet 30 Essay1213 Words   |  5 Pagesextent. A variety of poetic devices especially alliteration and metaphors are used to heavily convey a theme of love lost and found relying on a mood similar to that of the speaker, grieving in sorrowful recollection yet feeling joy for the future. The title is where it all begins, â€Å"When to the Sessions of Sweet Silent Thought†, the title itself sets the mood in which the reader can almost feel as if they are being taken back into their own thoughts and memories. This single line helps set the restRead MoreUse Of Disruption Of Performance On Roles Involving Negative Words Essay1670 Words   |  7 Pagesfirst (Itkes Mashal, 2015). It is stated that word pair stimuli allow comparisons to be made between the hypotheses of the Affective and the Cognitive Primary Hypotheses, due to enabling explicit variation of the valence of the situation where emotion words are present. In reference to the majority of concepts of understanding language, perceiving sentences are ranked from individual words to phrase and sentence meaning (Itkes Mashal, 2015). Therefore, when individuals view a word pair, logicRead MoreThe Significance of Sound and Music in The Tempest Essay821 Words   |  4 PagesThe Significance of Sound and Music in The Tempest ‘The Tempest’ is on a basic level a play about a magical island, complete with its own wizard, monster and handsome prince. However, it is much more than a fairytale. Complex themes such as usurpation, colonialism and the supernatural are interwoven into the plot to produce a play so diverse that it is widely considered to be one of Shakespeare’s finest works. Music and sound are dramatically significant in this diversity

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Three Theories of Cognitive Development Free Essays

Three Theories of Cognitive Development The Swiss psychologist and philosopher Jean Piaget (1896-1980) is well-known for his work towards the cognitive sciences. Arguably one of his most important contributions involves his theory of cognitive development. In this theory, thinking progresses through four distinct stages between infancy and adulthood. We will write a custom essay sample on Three Theories of Cognitive Development or any similar topic only for you Order Now Similar in scope to Piaget’s theory is Information Processing, in which human thinking is based on both mental hardware and mental software (Kail, Cavanaugh). A final theory on cognitive development was established by the Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934). Vygotsky proposed that development is a collaborative effort between child and partner. While these three theories attempt to explain a similar topic in different manners, each can be considered an important aspect to cognitive development in infancy and early childhood. Through analyzing and comparing these theories, scientists are able to better understand how child development occurs and the process it takes in creating a functional human being. Piaget’s Theory Children are naturally curious: this is the claim Piaget proposed when explaining that children of all ages create theories about how the world around them works. They accomplish this through the use of â€Å"schemes,† referring to mental structures that organize information and regulate behavior. Infants group objects based on the actions they can perform on them. Later in development, schemes become based on functional or conceptual relationships, not action. This means that schemes of related objects, events, and ideas are present throughout development (Kail, Cavanaugh). Schemes change constantly, adapting to children’s experiences. Intellectual adaptation involves two key processes that work together: assimilation and accommodation. Assimilation is the process of taking in new information into previously existing schemes. Accommodation involves altering existing schemes in light of new information. Assimilation and accommodation are usually in equilibrium. But when disequilibrium occurs, children reorganize their schemes to return to a state of equilibrium, a process Piaget called â€Å"equilibration. † According to Piaget, revolutionary changes in thought occur three times over the life span, which are divided into four stages. Sensorimotor period (0-2 years): Infants adapt and explore their environment. Reflexes are first modified by experience. At 8 months, intentional behavior occurs. Soon, infants become active experimenters, and repeat actions with different objects for the purpose of seeing what will happen. An important aspect of the first stage is object permanence- the understanding that objects exist even if they cannot be seen. Not until at about 18 months do infants have a full understanding of object permanence. Soon after, the onset of symbols, including words and gestures, become apparent. Preoperational thinking (2-7 years): Children do not understand others’ different ideas and emotions (egocentrism). They also have trouble focusing on multiple features. A child in the preoperational stage has a narrowly focused type of thought (a term Piaget called centration). For example, in what is known as a conservation problem, children tend to focus on only one aspect of the problem. In conservation of length, they concentrate on the fact that, after the transformation, the end of one stick is farther to the right than the end of the other, when in fact each stick is similar in length. Concrete operational period (7-11 years): This stage is characterized by the appropriate use of logic. A child is able to sort objects according to its size, shape, etc. Also, children will now take into account multiple aspects of a problem. For example, a child will no longer perceive a wide and short cup to contain more liquid than a normal, tall cup. Egocentrism begins to disappear: the child can now view things from another’s perspective (even though that person may be wrong). Formal operational period (11 years and up): Individuals move beyond concrete experiences and begin to think more abstractly, reason logically, and draw conclusions from information available. Also changing is the way an adolescent thinks about social matters. The future is beginning to be thought of in relation to what he or she can become. Information Processing In this view, human thinking is based on mental hardware (allows the mind to operate) and mental software (basis for performing particular tasks). There are several different aspects to this theory. Learning and cognitive development can happen through habituation, classical and operant conditioning, and imitation. Habituation is the diminished response to a stimulus as it becomes more familiar. Constantly responding to insignificant stimuli is wasteful, so habituation keeps infants from devoting too much energy to non-important events. In classical conditioning, a stimulus elicits a response that was originally produced by another stimulus. No new behaviors are learned, but an association is developed (Huitt, W. and Hummel, J). For example, a toddler may frown when he hears water running in the bathroom because he realizes that it is time for a bath. Operant conditioning emphasizes reward and punishment. This helps children form expectations about what will happen in their environment. Imitation is important in older children and adolescents. This process entails a â€Å"watch and learn† kind of approach. A boy can learn how to play basketball by watching a professional athlete, and an infant may imitate an adult waving her finger back and forth. A special kind of memory, â€Å"autobiographical memory,† emerges in the preschool years. These are memories of significant events and experiences in one’s own life. Infants have basic memory skills that enable them to remember past events. In addition to these skills are the language skills and sense of self obtained during the preschool years. Vygotsky’s Theory Lev Vygotsky incorporated the role that society and culture have on an individual throughout cognitive development. According to Vygostky, children rarely grow cognitively by themselves; they learn and progress when they have others by their side. This is contrasting to Piaget’s theory and Information Processing, where the individual growth takes place mostly alone. In his theory, Vygotsky developed the idea of the zone of proximal development. This refers to the â€Å"zone† between the level of performance a child can achieve when working independently and a higher level of performance that is possible when working under the guidance of more skilled adults or peers. This follows the idea that cognition develops first in a social setting and slowly comes under the child’s control. A factor that aids this shift is known as scaffolding. This is a style of teaching in which the teacher decides the amount of assistance given to match what the child actually needs. Scaffolding is based off the premise that children do not learn readily when they are constantly told what to do or when they are left to struggle through a problem. Finally, Vygotsky viewed private speech as an â€Å"intermediate step toward self-regulation of cognitive skills. Private speech can be defined as comments that are not intended for anyone else but the child to hear, and are designed to help children regulate their behavior. This theory holds that cognitive development is not characterized as a solitary undertaking, but a collaboration between expert and novice. Compare and Contrast All of these theories attempt to measure the biological and psychological changes appare nt in child development. They look to categorize specific behaviors, and associate them with current stages in growth. However, each theory is different in that it looks for different behavior patterns. Also, Piaget’s Theory and the Information Processing Theory can be grouped together due to the fact that they look at a child as an independent being, not cognitively dependent on its environment. However, Vygotsky views a child’s development as being reliable upon its surroundings (e. g. its peers, parents, teachers etc). Disputes These three theories are just that; theories. None of them have been scientifically proven and accepted by all scientists. Instead, they have formed the basis by which we conduct study and research of cognitive development today. Theories will always be open to criticism and review, and Piaget’s theory has specifically been scrutinized by scientists and researchers. Some believe that Piaget underestimated the cognitive competence in infants and young children. A main theme of modern child development is that of an extremely competent infant. Also, many scientists have found that certain components of Piaget’s theory are not testable. For example, accommodation and assimilation prove to be too vague to test scientifically. In Vygosky’s Theory, some critics point out the overemphasizing of the role of language. Also, his â€Å"emphasis on collaboration and guidance has potential pitfalls if facilitators are too helpful in some cases. An example of that would be an overbearing and controlling parent. † Criticism is not meant to diminish the importance of these theories, but to foster more research in the field of cognitive development and improve our understanding of how children grow. Conclusion These three theories of cognitive development are meant to measure something that is physically not able to be measured. They take a look at how children behave, and attempt to classify each behavior accordingly. How to cite Three Theories of Cognitive Development, Papers

ABC Model Everything You Need to Know Free Solution

Question: Consider why was the paper written? Has it achieved its objective? Why should people read it today? What have you learned and how does it relate to whatever else you know. Answer: Motivation Importance of ABC model At the end of the 1980s, the National Association of Accountants introduced a new technique of cost accounting called ABC (Activity-based Costing) Model that charges the indirect costs of an organization to the activities that results the costs to be incurred. This also distributes the activities costs to the products that encourage the activities to be performed. The relevance of the ABC model has been proved and their importance has been distributed among both the cost managers and academics (John Y. Lee.). The author wrote this paper because at a certain period of time, it was founded that traditional costing is not sufficient for the industries as it leads to either over-costing or under-costing. Reasons for Implementing ABC model Firstly, the Activity Based Costing (ABC) model helps in reducing the costs by giving meaningful information regarding the opportunities of reducing costs. Secondly, the ABC model of costing includes the preparation of the statement related to the activities of expenditure and also compares it with the corresponding addition of the values in order to know the activities that are required to be abolished or are required to be improved. Thirdly, the particular costing method guides the management accountant in the fixation of the price by providing various data and information regarding the cost of the service and / or the product (Horngren and Horngren). In addition to these, the specified model of costing makes the accounting managers enable to take decision regarding the activities of the firm should be done and completed within the organization or it should be subcontracted to an outside agency. Therefore, it can be said that the implementation of the ABC model helps in buying or m aking decision. Lastly, it can also be said that the ABC model helps in transfer pricing. Moreover, accurate information can be gathered through ABC model in order to evaluate the performance of the transferee and transferor divisions. Communication Concept of the paper The particular paper is on Implementing Activity-Based Costing. Thus, this provided paper deals with the rationale of the ABC model, its scope, its definition and the role of the management accountant in implementing the ABC model. Therefore, it can be said that the particular paper indicates the definition of ABC model, its scope, importance and concept regarding its implementation in the cost management. Understanding of concepts and reasoning Among the concepts and reasoning of the implementation of the ABC model or approach, the concept regarding the planning of the implementation of the ABC approach, relation between the implementation of the ABC model and the behavioral change management have also been discussed. Moreover, the initial design of the particular system, differences between operational and strategic cost management, ABC project planning, customer profitability reporting, data collection, implementation of the final system, its successful usage and commercial software of ABC have also been discussed. Critical Evaluation Importance of implementation of ABC model According to some of the researchers like - Eldenburg, Epstein and Lee the particular paper was written as the preface of the time feature into the ABC model has verified that it is currently drawing consideration and is experiencing the process of expansion for becoming more perfect and accurate. The objective of the implementation of the ABC model in the cost management is to establish that the superiority and effectiveness of the cost management have been improved. These qualities of the cost management can be attained by the proper allotment of the overhead costs to the goods along with the objective of identifying the costs of each unit. In addition to this, the allocation procedure will improve the base of information regarding product decisions and will also raise the reliability of cost information. Opined to Drury, the ABC approach helps in altering the products' profit margin and this information is also considered as a useful source of information at the time of evaluating the price-related decisions or keeps / drop decisions. Achieved its objectives The particular paper has achieved its objectives as the paper has explained all the details like the definition of ABC model, its importance, its perfect usage and methods of implementing this approach within the cost management. People should implement ABC model because this approach helps in distinguishing between the patterns of cost behavior in terms of diversity, volume and events. This system also helps to distinguish the forces behind the overhead costs as cost drivers (Horngren). The implementation of the ABC model helps in emphasizing the problem areas. Thus, through the implementation of the ABC approach, the managements attention and detailed analysis can take place easily. Therefore, it can also be said that people should read this paper in order to understand the importance of ABC system, its benefits as well as its disadvantages and the process of overcoming the challenges that are faced by the people during the implementation of ABC system. Studying this paper make a big influence at that moment, thus all industries began to implement this during that period. As a result of this, both positive and negative results came into focus. Therefore, at present, the implementation of the ABC system is important for only those industries where there are various product complexities and several varieties of product, as this system uses transactional drivers or consumption to assign costs to activities. However, it has been found that the industries implementing ABC system faces various challenges like communication, change management, training, executive management support and cultural acceptance. Therefore, it has been noted that nowadays many industries avoid the implementation of ABC system. From this specific paper, I learned the definition of the Activity-Based Costing (ABC), various approaches, its features, methods of implementing ABC system, its functional areas and its importance in the cost management. In order to learn about the ABC approach, the other related modules of costing are equally important. The reason behind this is that the ABC approach is related with other modules of the course like marginal costing, absorption costing and process costing as understanding of these approaches help to distinguish between these approaches and ABC approach. References Drury, Colin.Management And Cost Accounting. Andover: Cengage Learning, 2012. Print. Eldenburg, Leslie.Management Accounting. Milton, Qld.: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Print. Epstein, Marc J and John Y Lee.Advances In Management Accounting. Bingley, UK: Emerald, 2011. Print. Horngren, Charles T and Charles T Horngren.Management Accounting. Toronto: Pearson Canada, 2012. Print. Horngren, Charles T.Introduction To Management Accounting. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 2011. Print. John Y. Lee.,.Advances In Management Accounting. Emerald Group Pub, 2012. Print.